• Coastal flooding (sea coasts or Great Lakes), resulting from:

  • Abnormally high sea levels resulting from El Niño conditions.

  • Unusually high astronomical tides.

  • High sea swells / waves / breakers.

  • Storm surges: hurricanes or major winter cyclones.

  • Heavy river runoff into bays [see also Weather, Sun, Moon, and Light and Floods / Hydrology / Water Intrusion, Contamination, Shortages].

  • Tsunamis.

• Beach erosion, depletion of sand - on various scales:

  • Local sand scouring, as well as abnormal local sand accumulation - resulting from natural processes or from directly or indirectly from man's activities. 

  • Regional beach erosion resulting from hurricanes and other ocean storms. 

  • Widespread beach disappearance resulting from El Niño and other ocean-wide or global phenomena

• Breakwater damage or destruction;  possible adverse effects of breakwaters on beaches and harbors..

• Coastal cliff erosion.

• Coastal engineering studies - expert evaluations.

• Ocean currents.

  • Drift of bodies -- investigations of homicides, drowning, suicides, etc.

  • Drift of medical waste, debris, and coastal water pollution.

  • Oil spills:  drift and dispersion.  Hydrologic modeling.

  [See also Environmental and Air Quality Regulations - Compliance.]

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